There are various other machines used in large establishments, to which we need do no more than allude, as in small places, where great speed is a secondary condition, their work is accomplished manually. Amongst these are Starr's backing-machine, or some modification of the original patent. This consists of two iron vice jaws, between which the back of the book can be

locked, when a small iron roller is worked across it to produce the proper curvature. The bookbinder's saw-bench, worked either by foot or steam, consists of several small saws arranged on a spindle, and is used for sawing the grooves to admit the cords in the back of a book instead of cutting them individually by the tenon saw.

The bookbinder's trimming-machine consists of a thin plate of steel something like a small circular saw, but quite sharp instead of toothed, usually driven by steam, and used to trim off rough edges and overplus of monthly magazines, &c., while still not removing sufficient to leave a smooth surface, as is done by the guillotine.

A small grindstone for grinding plough-knives, &c. will be required. The form shown at Fig. 10 is a good one, and can be driven by the foot. A 2ft. stone, costing about 30s., will answer.

We will now enumerate the minor forwarding tools. Two folding sticks (one pointed). These are pieces of flat bone, like small paper knives but without handles, 4d. and 6d. each; pair large scissors, long blades, for squaring plates, 4s. 6d.;' small tenon-saw, 3s. 6d.; small' wooden tub to hold thick paste, Is.; glazed earthenware pan to hold thin paste, Is.; a glue-pot, 2s. ; several small" sash tools," as brushes for paste and glue, 6d. and 8d.; backing-hammer, 2s. 6d.; pair Lancashire wing compasses, 3s. 6d.; 9in. carpenter's square, 3s. 6d.; knocking-down iron, 2s. 6d.; bookbinder's rule, 4s. 6d.; scratcher-up, Is.; oilstone hone, 2s.; shoemaker's knife for cutting out, 8d.; French knife for paring leather, 2s.; pair band-nippers for setting bands nicely square, 3s. 6d.; pair trindles, 2s. 6d.; steel scraper f01' edges, Is.;. beech "backing-boards," per pair, according to size, from 4d. for l8mo to 2s. for imperial folio; beech "cutting boards," per pair, according to size, from 2d. for l8mo to Is. 2d. for folio; agate or bloodstone burnisher, from 4s. 6d.; pressingtins, from 9d. each; pallet knife, Is. 3d.; packet bookbinder's needles, Is. The foregoing tools and machines can be obtained of the undernamed firms in London: Mr. Ullmer, Cross-street, Farringdon road; Messrs. Harrild, Farringdon st.; Messrs. J. M. Powell & Son, 33A, Ludgate Hill; Messrs. Hughes and Kimber, West Harding-street, Fetter-lane, E.C.; and most printers' brokers.

Having briefly enumerated the tools requisite for "forwarding" a book, let us now advert to those which appertain to the "finishing" department.
In trade technical parlance, "forwarding" comprehends all the operations up to and including getting the book covered with leather or cloth; and" finishing" is the affixing the gilt or other ornaments, and lettering the title on the back or sides.

When space can be spared, the finishing is best carried on, not in the forwarding shop, but in a separate room, which should be well lighted. Here everything should be kept as clean and free from dust as possible, in order that the work in hand shall stand no chance of getting soiled.

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