A selection of various separate "tools," of small pieces of brass (handled), on the ends of which are cut different ornamental devices-as Maltese and other crosses, acorns, anchors, &c.-used in finishing, will also be found useful.

The price ranges from 2s. upwards, according to size and intricacy of design (Fig. 15).

Amongst the minor but necessary tools and appliances are the following:

A polishing iron (Fig. 16). Used to give increased smoothness or gloss to calf books. Price 10s.
Pressing-tins and boards for the final pressing.
Gold-cushion. A piece of fin. board, covered first with a couple of thicknesses of flannel or cloth, and then with

calf leather, with the "flesh" (rough inside) side uppermost, and with a piece of vellum sticking up from one end and part of one side as a guard (Fig. 17). This can be made by the binder. If purchased it will cost 2s. 6d.

Gold knife. A small, straight-edged knife, used for cutting and lifting the gold leaf. Price Is. 6d. or 2s.
Gilder's tip. A few fibres of sable, fixed between a couple of cards. Used for lifting- gold leaf. Costs 6d.
Three small sponges, about the size of a peach, or rather larger.

Small piece of flannel to oil books with.
Small glazed pipkin in which to boil size, Is.
Two or three gallipots.

"Devil," or "frother." This is a slight piece of tough wood, about 10in. long. At one end four or more pieces of a quill,

cut about 3in. 10'D-g' and split, are tied tightly to the wood at right angles, as shown at Fig. 18. This is used to froth up the "glaire," as will be explained in a subsequent section. The little wire "egg whiskers," sold at American Novelty Stores in London, answer excellently.

Gold-rag. A piece of coarse canvas, well greased, for clearing off the gold first.

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