below, and above, with their heads reversed, pages 7, 10, 11, 6. reading from left to right. The sheet is then taken with the left hand by the angle to the right and creased with the folding stick in the right hand, in the direction of the two point holes made in the printing, taking care, by shading to the light, that the figures of the pages fall exactly one on another, which will be 3 upon 2, and 6 upon 7, and thereby presenting uppermost pages 4 and 13, and above 5 and 12. The top part of the sheet is then brought down, with the left hand, upon the lower pages, 5 and 12, falling upon 4 and 13, directed properly and again folded. The sheet then presents pages Sand 9, which are then, folded evenly, 9 upon S, forming the third fold finishing the sheet.

In folding the 12mo (Fig. 25), the signatures, when placed before the folder, should be at the top at his left hand, and towards the table, the sheet presenting pages 2, 7, 11, 23, IS, 14, 22, 19, 15, 3, 6, 10. On the right, pages 11, 14, 15, 10, are separated from the others by a large space, indicating that they should be cut off. The folder detaches this part with the folding-stick, and, bringing page 11 upon 10, makes a fold, .and 13 upon 12, which will be uppermost, finishes the folding .of what is termed the "inset," which bears the signature of the sheet it has been separated from, with the addition of a figure or asterisk, as A 5 or A*. The remaining eight pages .are folded in the same way as the 8vo, and, when done, the inset is placed in the centre of them, taking care that the headlines of both range correctly.

Books are sometimes printed in what are called" half-sheets," 'but they are folded the same, after being- cut up.

The next size (still diminishing) is octodecimo, or 18mo, with thirty-six pages to the sheet.

There are a few books (principally Prayer-books and devotional manuals) which are still smaller (4Smo and less), but these do not come much in the way of the ordinary bookbinder.

It must be understood that each of the preceding denominations and sizes applies to all sized sheets of paper, and hence the total number of book sizes is greatly enlarged. For example, demy (a sheet of which measures 21 1/4in. by 19 1/4in.) may be termed the usual or standard size of paper. Demy 8vo measures about 9 5/8in. by 5 1/4in., and is a Very usual size for modern books. All the reviews, and most of the magazines, are of this size. But there are also larger 8vos. Thus, the Leisure Hour, of the Tract Society, is an imperial 8vo, and much larger;' Chambers’s Journal is a super-royal 8vo, and also larger; while All the Year Round is a royal 8vo, only a trifle larger superficially than the demy 8vo. The most important of the smaller-sized sheets is "post" or "crown." The 8vo of this paper is much used, both in this country and abroad, for popular handbooks. "Crown" (or "post") 8vo is 4 1/2in by 7in.

per page, is a very popular and useful size, and is much used for novels and the generality of cheap French works.

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