It must be understood that the thread is not drawn entirely through or out. The usual way of making this knot is to throw the thread attached to the needle over and around the forefinger and thumb of the left hand, and then, with the finger and thumb, take hold of the end of thread which projects from the tail stitch of the previous section, gradually pulling the top of thread across the fingers, tight, with the

Tight hand. (Fig. 39 gives some idea of the position.) This is the first kettle (catch) stitch, and these two sections have been sewn "through," i.e., they have thread all through their length. Now we will begin to sew "two on." We will place .a third section on those just sewn, as A, Fig. 40, and, passing the needle in at the kettle-stitch a, let it emerge at the band kerf b. The fourth section, B, is now laid on, and the needle,

having gone round the band, enters this at b, being on the other side of the cord to that at which it emerged at b from section A. The needle now passes to c, round the cord. and from C to d, along the middle of the inside of section B, coming out at d. Here it goes round the cord, and is then pushed into section A again at e, passing from e to j along the middle of the section, and coming out at j, where another kettle-stitch is made. This is effected by passing the needle in between the two previously-connected sections from the back inwards, as at Fig. 41, so that it can come out between the

-section at the head, as shown. The needle is then passed upwards through the loop there made as at Fig. 42, and then drawn gradually up, as at Fig. 43, until it draws into a tight

knot, which slips into the kerf of the kettle stitch, so that it is below the surface of the back. The previous process is then repeated (sewing towards the tail) with the next sections,

C and D, the kettle-stitch being passed under the sheet last secured; and so on.

In larger books, with still thinner sections (say four leaves to the section), it will be necessary to lay on more than two sheets in sewing, and, therefore, they must be sawed for more bands. Thus, a quarto, of four leaves to the section, should! be sewed on five bands. In sawing this, the kerfs should be arranged at about the proportional distances of Fig. 44. In

sewing, three sections are laid on, thus: First section sewn from B (kettle-stitch) to D; second section from D to E, third section from E, around C to F. As this stitch 'has no hold at either end, it is made longer; then, going back to first section, it is sewn from F to G, and then the second one from G to A,

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