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by Joseph W. Zaehnsdorf Published in London 1897
Chapter IV & V
Marking Up And Sawing In
night, they are taken out, and run through again (collated) to
make sure that they are all correct. A book is then taken and
knocked straight both head and back and put in the lying press
between boards, projecting from them about 1/8 inch; some
binders prefer cutting boards, I prefer pressing boards, and I
should advise the use of them, as the whole can be knocked
up together. They should be held between the fingers of each
hand, and the back and head knocked alternately on the check
of the press. The boards are then drawn back the required
distance from the back of the book: the book and boards must
now be held tightly with the left hand, and the whole carefully
lowered into the press; the right hand regulating the screws,
which should then be screwed up tightly. The book is now
quite straight, and firmly fixed in the press, and we have to
decide if it is to be sewn flexibly or not. If for flexible binding
the book is not to be sewing in, but marked; the difference
being, that with the latter the cord is outside the sheets; with
suppose that the book before us in an ordinary 8vo volume, and that it is to cut all round.
The back should be divided into six equal portions, leaving the bottom, or tail, half an inch longer than the rest, simply
because of a curious optical illusion, by which, if the spaces were all equal in width, the bottom one would appear to
be the smallest, although accurately of the same width as the rest. This curious effect may be tested on any framed
or mounted print. A square is now to be laid upon the back exactly to the marks, and marked pretty black with a lead
pencil; the head and tail must now be sawn in to embed the chain of the kettle stitch, at a distance sufficient to prevent
the thread being divided by accident in cutting. In flexible work great accuracy is absolutely necessary throughout the
whole of the work, especially in the marking up, as the form of the bands will be visible when covered. It will be easily
seen if the book has been knocked up straight by laying the square at the head when the book is in the press, and if it
is not straight, it must be taken out and corrected. If the book is very small, as for instance a small prayer book, it is
usually marked up for five bands, but only sewed on three; the other two being fastened on as false bands when the
book is ready for covering. There would be no gain in strength by sewing a small book on fine bands.
both for the bands and kettle switch, with a tenon saw. In choosing the saw, it should be one
with teeth not spread out too much; and it is advisable to have two of different widths. Care
must be taken that the saw does not enter too deeply, and one must, in all cases, be guided
in the depth of the thickness of the cord to be used. The size of the book should determine
the thickness of the cord, as the larger the book, the stronger and thicker must be the cord.
Suitable cord is to be purchased at all the bookbinder's material shops, and it is known by the
size of the book, such as 12mo., 8vo., 4to. cord. I think nothing looks worse than a book with
great holes in the back, sometimes to be seen when the book is opened, which are due to the
inattention of the workmen. Besides, it causes great inconvenience to the forwarder if the
cords are loose, and the only thing he can do in such a case is to cram a lot of glue into the
grooves to keep the cord in its place. If, on the other hand, the saw cuts are not deep
enough, the cord will stand out from the back, and be distinctly seen when the book is
finished. If not remedied by extra strips of leather or paper between the bands when lining
up. It is better to use double thin cords instead of one thick one for large
books, because the two cords will lie and embed themselves in the back, whereas one large
one will not, unless very deep and wide saw cuts be made. Large folios should be sawn on six
or seven bands, but five for an 8vo.is the right number, from which all the other sizes can be
regulated. Saw benches have been introduced by various
firms. They can be driven either by steam or foot. It will be seen that the saws are circular,
and can be shifted on the spindle to suit the various sized books. As the books themselves
are slid along the table on the saws, the advantage is very great in a large shop where much
work of one size is done at a time.
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